The role of anthocyanins as antidiabetic agents: from molecular mechanisms to in vivo and human studies

Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry - Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose concentration. Nowadays, type 2 diabetes or insulin resistant diabetes...     

Phytoplankton and chemico-physical parameters of the Scardovari Lagoon (Po Delta,North Adriatic Sea) during 1991 and 1992

Abstract

During research directed towards the employment of the biological resources of the North Adriatic lagoons, from January 1991 to December 1992, in both tidal phases, a survey was carried out on the phytoplankton and the chemico-physical parameters of the Scardovari lagoon. Data analyses allowed two different areas to be distinguished: one inner, which was generally characterized by high phytoplanktonic densities (St. 3–4), the other outer, which was more influced by marine load (St. 1–2). Photosynthetic picoplankton was dominant in terms of cell number in most samples. Phytoplanktonic fraction >2 μm was represented mainly by diatoms, which showed the higher species number. During the sample observation, some dinoflagellates, considered toxic or potentially toxic, were found. Their presence was important because of their effect on the bivalve mollusc cultures.     

The garden of the “Casa delle Nozze di Ercole ed Ebe“ in Pompeii (Italy): Palynological investigations

ABSTRACT

Palynological investigations in the garden of the “Casa delle Nozze di Ercole ed Ebe“ in Pompeii revealed the presence of Vitis and Citrus. Citrus has often been said to be cultivated in Roman times, but no plant remains have ever confirmed this hypothesis as regards Pompeii. In this paper, we give evidence for an early cultivation of this plant in a garden. Analyses revealed that, as already observed in other gardens, the ground was covered by herbs which were the same as those found in ancient and contemporary meadows of the Vesuvian area.     

Oxidative/nitrative stress in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: are antioxidants beneficial?

Abstract

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem autoimmune disease: characterised from the clinical side by progressive vasculopathy and fibrosis of the skin and different organs and from the biochemical side by fibroblast deregulation with excessive production of collagen and increased expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4). The latter contributes to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species that through an autocrine loop maintains NOX4 in a state of activation. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are implicated in the origin and perpetuation of several clinical manifestations of SSc having vascular damage in common; attempts to dampen oxidative and nitrative stress through different agents with antioxidant properties have not translated into a sustained clinical benefit. Objective of this narrative review is to describe the origin and clinical implications of oxidative and nitrative stress in SSc, with particular focus on the central role of NOX4 and its interactions, to re-evaluate the antioxidant approaches so far used to limit disease progression, to appraise the complexity of antioxidant treatment and to touch on novel pathways elements of which may represent specific treatment targets in the not so distant future.     

Calibration of the comet assay for the measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells

We used X-rays from a linear accelerator and from a low energy therapeutic source to calibrate the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), a widely used method to measure DNA damage. γ-Rays from ⁶⁰Co, with known efficiency in inducing DNA breakage, were used as reference. Human lymphocytes and one murine tumour cell line, F10-M3 cells, were irradiated under different experimental conditions. A similar relationship between radiation dose and induced DNA damage was obtained with γ- and X-rays. A calibration curve was constructed to convert the comet assay raw data into break frequency. The median levels of DNA breaks and oxidative damage in circulating lymphocytes from healthy volunteers were calculated to be 0.76 and 0.80 breaks/10⁹ Da, respectively, (0.50 and 0.52 breaks/10⁶ bp). The values of oxidative DNA damage were in the same order of magnitude as those found by others with HPLC methods.     

Differential microRNA Profiles and Their Functional Implications in Different Immunogenetic Subsets of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Critical processes of B-cell physiology, including immune signaling through the B-cell receptor (BcR) and/or Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are targeted by microRNAs. With this in mind and also given the important role of BcR and TLR signaling and microRNAs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we investigated whether microRNAs could be implicated in shaping the behavior of CLL clones with distinct BcR and TLR molecular and functional profiles. To this end, we examined 79 CLL cases for the expression of 33 microRNAs, selected on the following criteria: (a) deregulated in CLL versus normal B-cells; (b) differentially expressed in CLL subgroups with distinct clinicobiological features; and, (c) if meeting (a) + (b), having predicted targets in the immune signaling pathways. Significant upregulation of miR-150, miR-29c, miR-143 and miR-223 and downregulation of miR-15a was found in mutated versus unmutated CLL, with miR-15a showing the highest fold difference. Comparison of two major subsets with distinct stereotyped BcRs and signaling signatures, namely subset 1 [IGHV1/5/7-IGKV1(D)-39, unmutated, bad prognosis] versus subset 4 [IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30, mutated, good prognosis] revealed differences in the expression of miR-150, miR-29b, miR-29c and miR-101, all down-regulated in subset 1. We were also able to link these distinct microRNA profiles with cellular phenotypes, importantly showing that, in subset 1, miR-101 downregulation is associated with overexpression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) protein, which has been associated with clinical aggressiveness in other B-cell lymphomas. In conclusion, specific miRNAs differentially expressed among CLL subgroups with distinct BcR and/or TLR signaling may modulate the biological and clinical behavior of the CLL clones.     

Solid phase synthesis of peptide hydroxamic acids on poly(ethylene glycol)‐based support

A novel resin designed for solid‐phase synthesis of peptide hydroxamic acids (PHA) combining the trityl linker with poly(ethylene glycol)‐based support, ChemMatrix® type, is described. The synthesis of PHA can be performed according to a standard protocol, providing products in excellent purity and reasonable yields. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Peptides and peptidoaldehydes as substrates for the Pictet–Spengler reaction

The Pictet–Spengler (PS) reaction was performed with various types of substrates: H‐Trp‐OMe and dipeptides with N‐terminal Trp as arylethylamine components and Z‐protected amino aldehydes and peptidoaldehydes as carbonyl components. We found that the C‐terminal part of Trp derivatives did not have any influence on the stereoselectivity of the reaction and the results are the same for simple esters of Trp and dipeptides. On the contrary, the selectivity of the PS reaction with peptidoaldehydes with L configuration of the C‐terminus residue is totally different from that obtained with simple L‐amino aldehydes. It allows us to obtain cis stereoisomers, which cannot be isolated from the reaction with amino aldehydes. But the utility of the peptidoaldehydes as substrates for the PS reaction is reduced by the side formation of enamides which decrease the yield of cyclization. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.